Optimasi Klasterisasi Kubernetes untuk Peningkatan QoS pada Jaringan 5G
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52158/jasens.v5i2.1129
I will put the dimension here
I will put the dimension here
Keywords:
5G Networks, Clustering, Kubernetes, QoS, Resource Management
Abstract
Resource management, scalability, and Quality of Service are key challenges in deploying 5G networks, particularly regarding latency, throughput, and packet loss. Conventional network architectures often fail to meet the demands of high-speed and low-latency communication, especially for applications such as the Internet of Things and cloud computing. This study applies a Kubernetes-based clustering method to address these challenges to optimize 5G network performance through efficient resource allocation and load balancing. Experiments were conducted in a Containerized Network Function environment through simulations, demonstrating significant performance improvements. Test results recorded a 28.69% reduction in latency, a 34.52% increase in throughput, and a 32.14% reduction in packet loss compared to a non-clustered 5G network. These improvements are supported by Kubernetes features such as auto-scaling, traffic distribution, and real-time load balancing. This approach demonstrates that Kubernetes clustering effectively enhances Quality of Service, optimizes resource allocation, and improves the overall efficiency of 5G network systems.
Keywords: 5G Networks, Clustering, Kubernetes, QoS, Resource Management
References
S. Wijethilaka and M. Liyanage, “Survey on Network Slicing for Internet of Things Realization in 5G Networks,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 957–994, 2021, doi: 10.1109/COMST.2021.3067807.
[2] W. Rafique, J. Rani Barai, A. O. Fapojuwo, and D. Krishnamurthy, “A Survey on Beyond 5G Network Slicing for Smart Cities Applications,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 595–628, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.1109/COMST.2024.3410295.
[3] “Ethernet VPN Provisioning Towards Slicing for 5G Transport Networks | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore.” Accessed: Mar. 18, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10258168
[4] H. Li et al., “Slice-Based Service Function Chain Embedding for End-to-End Network Slice Deployment,” IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 3652–3672, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1109/TNSM.2023.3250719.
[5] M. Bagaa, T. Taleb, A. Laghrissi, A. Ksentini, and H. Flinck, “Coalitional Game for the Creation of Efficient Virtual Core Network Slices in 5G Mobile Systems,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 469–484, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2018.2815398.
[6] C. Stan, A. Domeke, C. R. Garcia, I. T. Monroy, and J. J. V. Olmos, “Improving the flexibility of 5G heterogeneous networks by slicing,” in 2021 IEEE International Mediterranean Conference on Communications and Networking (MeditCom), IEEE, Sep. 2021, pp. 65–69. doi: 10.1109/MeditCom49071.2021.9647586.
[7] A. Checko et al., “Cloud RAN for Mobile Networks—A Technology Overview,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 405–426, 2015, doi: 10.1109/COMST.2014.2355255.
[8] A. Deshpande, O. Obi, E. Stipidis, and P. Charchalakis, “Integrated vetronics survivability: requirements for vetronics survivability strategies,” in 6th IET International Conference on System Safety 2011, IET, 2011, pp. A42–A42. doi: 10.1049/cp.2011.0249.
[9] A. Murmu, P. Kumar, N. Rao Moparthi, S. Namasudra, and P. Lorenz, “Reliable Federated Learning With GAN Model for Robust and Resilient Future Healthcare System,” IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 5335–5346, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.1109/TNSM.2024.3422376.
[10] M. Gramaglia et al., “Flexible connectivity and QoE/QoS management for 5G Networks: The 5G NORMA view,” in 2016 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC), IEEE, May 2016, pp. 373–379. doi: 10.1109/ICCW.2016.7503816.
[11] C. Yan and S. Sheng, “Sdn+K8s Routing Optimization Strategy in 5G Cloud Edge Collaboration Scenario,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 8397–8406, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3237201.
[12] J. Santos, M. Verkerken, L. D’Hooge, T. Wauters, B. Volckaert, and F. De Turck, “Performance Impact of Queue Sorting in Container-Based Application Scheduling,” in 2023 19th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM), IEEE, Oct. 2023, pp. 1–9. doi: 10.23919/CNSM59352.2023.10327792.
[13] H. Hawilo, M. Jammal, and A. Shami, “Orchestrating network function virtualization platform: Migration or re-instantiation?,” in 2017 IEEE 6th International Conference on Cloud Networking (CloudNet), IEEE, Sep. 2017, pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1109/CloudNet.2017.8071528.
[14] I. Syrigos, N. Makris, and T. Korakis, “Multi-Cluster Orchestration of 5G Experimental Deployments in Kubernetes over High-Speed Fabric,” in 2023 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), IEEE, Dec. 2023, pp. 1764–1769. doi: 10.1109/GCWkshps58843.2023.10465054.
[15] S. Zhao, “An Evolutionary Game Model of Digital Product Innovation Enabled by 5G,” Proceedings - 2023 International Seminar on Computer Science and Engineering Technology, SCSET 2023, pp. 515–519, 2023, doi: 10.1109/SCSET58950.2023.00119.
[16] J. Lee and D. Kim, “A Study on Innovation in University Education: Focusing on 5G Mobile Communication,” 2020 IEEE 17th Annual Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, CCNC 2020, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1109/CCNC46108.2020.9045138.
[17] G. A. Santos, J. P. J. Da Costa, and A. A. S. Da Silva, “Towards to Beyond 5G Virtual Environment for Cybersecurity Testing in V2X Systems,” 2023 Workshop on Communication Networks and Power Systems, WCNPS 2023, 2023, doi: 10.1109/WCNPS60622.2023.10344440.
[18] T. M. Ho, K.-K. Nguyen, J. D. Vo, A. Larabi, and M. Cheriet, “Energy Efficient Orchestration for O-RAN,” GLOBECOM 2024 - 2024 IEEE Global Communications Conference, pp. 3316–3321, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1109/GLOBECOM52923.2024.10901461.
[19] A. Dutta and E. Hammad, “5G Security Challenges and Opportunities: A System Approach,” in 2020 IEEE 3rd 5G World Forum (5GWF), IEEE, Sep. 2020, pp. 109–114. doi: 10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221122.
[20] S. D. A. Shah, M. A. Gregory, and S. Li, “Cloud-Native Network Slicing Using Software Defined Networking Based Multi-Access Edge Computing: A Survey,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 10903–10924, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3050155.
[21] O. Chabbouh, S. Ben Rejeb, N. Agoulmine, and Z. Choukair, “Cloud RAN Architecture Model Based upon Flexible RAN Functionalities Split for 5G Networks,” in 2017 31st International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA), IEEE, Mar. 2017, pp. 184–188. doi: 10.1109/WAINA.2017.107.
[22] Z. Zhang, R. Mo, X. Hou, X. Wei, and S. Guo, “Resource Allocation of Large-Scale Communication Network based on Machine Learning,” in 2024 International Conference on Integrated Circuits and Communication Systems (ICICACS), IEEE, Feb. 2024, pp. 1–5. doi: 10.1109/ICICACS60521.2024.10498186.
[23] S. Rajagopal, J. Baker, and R. Akula, “Testing Open RAN in the Cloud (TORC),” IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, 2024, doi: 10.1109/VTC2024-FALL63153.2024.10757934.
[24] A. Dutta and E. Hammad, “5G Security Challenges and Opportunities: A System Approach,” in 2020 IEEE 3rd 5G World Forum (5GWF), IEEE, Sep. 2020, pp. 109–114. doi: 10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221122.
[25] R. M. Cherifi, M. A. Boudjelli, S. Cherrared, and F. Guillemin, “5G Services Placement in Dynamic Multi-clusters,” in 2024 15th International Conference on Network of the Future (NoF), IEEE, Oct. 2024, pp. 204–208. doi: 10.1109/NoF62948.2024.10741415.
[26] N. P, K. R. Chaganti, S. L. Reddy. Elicherla, S. Guddati, A. Swarna, and P. T. Reddy, “Optimizing Latency and Communication in Federated Edge Computing with LAFEO and Gradient Compression for Real-time Edge Analytics,” 2025 6th International Conference on Mobile Computing and Sustainable Informatics (ICMCSI), pp. 608–613, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.1109/ICMCSI64620.2025.10883220.
[27] Y. Fan, Y. Li, M. Zhan, H. Cui, and Y. Zhang, “IoTDefender: A Federated Transfer Learning Intrusion Detection Framework for 5G IoT,” in 2020 IEEE 14th International Conference on Big Data Science and Engineering (BigDataSE), IEEE, Dec. 2020, pp. 88–95. doi: 10.1109/BigDataSE50710.2020.00020.
[28] L. Wojciechowski et al., “NetMARKS: Network metrics-AwaRe kubernetes scheduler powered by service mesh,” Proceedings - IEEE INFOCOM, vol. 2021-May, May 2021, doi: 10.1109/INFOCOM42981.2021.9488670.
[29] P. Rost et al., “Network Slicing to Enable Scalability and Flexibility in 5G Mobile Networks,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 72–79, May 2017, doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600920.
[30] M. A. Habibi, M. Nasimi, B. Han, and H. D. Schotten, “A Comprehensive Survey of RAN Architectures Toward 5G Mobile Communication System,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 70371–70421, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2919657.
[31] Y. Liu and A. H. Herranz, “Enabling 5G QoS configuration capabilities for IoT applications on container orchestration platform,” in 2023 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom), IEEE, Dec. 2023, pp. 63–68. doi: 10.1109/CloudCom59040.2023.00023.
[32] Y. Huo, X. Dong, and W. Xu, “5G Cellular User Equipment: From Theory to Practical Hardware Design,” IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 13992–14010, 2017, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2727550.
[2] W. Rafique, J. Rani Barai, A. O. Fapojuwo, and D. Krishnamurthy, “A Survey on Beyond 5G Network Slicing for Smart Cities Applications,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 595–628, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.1109/COMST.2024.3410295.
[3] “Ethernet VPN Provisioning Towards Slicing for 5G Transport Networks | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore.” Accessed: Mar. 18, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10258168
[4] H. Li et al., “Slice-Based Service Function Chain Embedding for End-to-End Network Slice Deployment,” IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 3652–3672, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1109/TNSM.2023.3250719.
[5] M. Bagaa, T. Taleb, A. Laghrissi, A. Ksentini, and H. Flinck, “Coalitional Game for the Creation of Efficient Virtual Core Network Slices in 5G Mobile Systems,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 469–484, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2018.2815398.
[6] C. Stan, A. Domeke, C. R. Garcia, I. T. Monroy, and J. J. V. Olmos, “Improving the flexibility of 5G heterogeneous networks by slicing,” in 2021 IEEE International Mediterranean Conference on Communications and Networking (MeditCom), IEEE, Sep. 2021, pp. 65–69. doi: 10.1109/MeditCom49071.2021.9647586.
[7] A. Checko et al., “Cloud RAN for Mobile Networks—A Technology Overview,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 405–426, 2015, doi: 10.1109/COMST.2014.2355255.
[8] A. Deshpande, O. Obi, E. Stipidis, and P. Charchalakis, “Integrated vetronics survivability: requirements for vetronics survivability strategies,” in 6th IET International Conference on System Safety 2011, IET, 2011, pp. A42–A42. doi: 10.1049/cp.2011.0249.
[9] A. Murmu, P. Kumar, N. Rao Moparthi, S. Namasudra, and P. Lorenz, “Reliable Federated Learning With GAN Model for Robust and Resilient Future Healthcare System,” IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 5335–5346, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.1109/TNSM.2024.3422376.
[10] M. Gramaglia et al., “Flexible connectivity and QoE/QoS management for 5G Networks: The 5G NORMA view,” in 2016 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC), IEEE, May 2016, pp. 373–379. doi: 10.1109/ICCW.2016.7503816.
[11] C. Yan and S. Sheng, “Sdn+K8s Routing Optimization Strategy in 5G Cloud Edge Collaboration Scenario,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 8397–8406, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3237201.
[12] J. Santos, M. Verkerken, L. D’Hooge, T. Wauters, B. Volckaert, and F. De Turck, “Performance Impact of Queue Sorting in Container-Based Application Scheduling,” in 2023 19th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM), IEEE, Oct. 2023, pp. 1–9. doi: 10.23919/CNSM59352.2023.10327792.
[13] H. Hawilo, M. Jammal, and A. Shami, “Orchestrating network function virtualization platform: Migration or re-instantiation?,” in 2017 IEEE 6th International Conference on Cloud Networking (CloudNet), IEEE, Sep. 2017, pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1109/CloudNet.2017.8071528.
[14] I. Syrigos, N. Makris, and T. Korakis, “Multi-Cluster Orchestration of 5G Experimental Deployments in Kubernetes over High-Speed Fabric,” in 2023 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), IEEE, Dec. 2023, pp. 1764–1769. doi: 10.1109/GCWkshps58843.2023.10465054.
[15] S. Zhao, “An Evolutionary Game Model of Digital Product Innovation Enabled by 5G,” Proceedings - 2023 International Seminar on Computer Science and Engineering Technology, SCSET 2023, pp. 515–519, 2023, doi: 10.1109/SCSET58950.2023.00119.
[16] J. Lee and D. Kim, “A Study on Innovation in University Education: Focusing on 5G Mobile Communication,” 2020 IEEE 17th Annual Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, CCNC 2020, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1109/CCNC46108.2020.9045138.
[17] G. A. Santos, J. P. J. Da Costa, and A. A. S. Da Silva, “Towards to Beyond 5G Virtual Environment for Cybersecurity Testing in V2X Systems,” 2023 Workshop on Communication Networks and Power Systems, WCNPS 2023, 2023, doi: 10.1109/WCNPS60622.2023.10344440.
[18] T. M. Ho, K.-K. Nguyen, J. D. Vo, A. Larabi, and M. Cheriet, “Energy Efficient Orchestration for O-RAN,” GLOBECOM 2024 - 2024 IEEE Global Communications Conference, pp. 3316–3321, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1109/GLOBECOM52923.2024.10901461.
[19] A. Dutta and E. Hammad, “5G Security Challenges and Opportunities: A System Approach,” in 2020 IEEE 3rd 5G World Forum (5GWF), IEEE, Sep. 2020, pp. 109–114. doi: 10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221122.
[20] S. D. A. Shah, M. A. Gregory, and S. Li, “Cloud-Native Network Slicing Using Software Defined Networking Based Multi-Access Edge Computing: A Survey,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 10903–10924, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3050155.
[21] O. Chabbouh, S. Ben Rejeb, N. Agoulmine, and Z. Choukair, “Cloud RAN Architecture Model Based upon Flexible RAN Functionalities Split for 5G Networks,” in 2017 31st International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA), IEEE, Mar. 2017, pp. 184–188. doi: 10.1109/WAINA.2017.107.
[22] Z. Zhang, R. Mo, X. Hou, X. Wei, and S. Guo, “Resource Allocation of Large-Scale Communication Network based on Machine Learning,” in 2024 International Conference on Integrated Circuits and Communication Systems (ICICACS), IEEE, Feb. 2024, pp. 1–5. doi: 10.1109/ICICACS60521.2024.10498186.
[23] S. Rajagopal, J. Baker, and R. Akula, “Testing Open RAN in the Cloud (TORC),” IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, 2024, doi: 10.1109/VTC2024-FALL63153.2024.10757934.
[24] A. Dutta and E. Hammad, “5G Security Challenges and Opportunities: A System Approach,” in 2020 IEEE 3rd 5G World Forum (5GWF), IEEE, Sep. 2020, pp. 109–114. doi: 10.1109/5GWF49715.2020.9221122.
[25] R. M. Cherifi, M. A. Boudjelli, S. Cherrared, and F. Guillemin, “5G Services Placement in Dynamic Multi-clusters,” in 2024 15th International Conference on Network of the Future (NoF), IEEE, Oct. 2024, pp. 204–208. doi: 10.1109/NoF62948.2024.10741415.
[26] N. P, K. R. Chaganti, S. L. Reddy. Elicherla, S. Guddati, A. Swarna, and P. T. Reddy, “Optimizing Latency and Communication in Federated Edge Computing with LAFEO and Gradient Compression for Real-time Edge Analytics,” 2025 6th International Conference on Mobile Computing and Sustainable Informatics (ICMCSI), pp. 608–613, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.1109/ICMCSI64620.2025.10883220.
[27] Y. Fan, Y. Li, M. Zhan, H. Cui, and Y. Zhang, “IoTDefender: A Federated Transfer Learning Intrusion Detection Framework for 5G IoT,” in 2020 IEEE 14th International Conference on Big Data Science and Engineering (BigDataSE), IEEE, Dec. 2020, pp. 88–95. doi: 10.1109/BigDataSE50710.2020.00020.
[28] L. Wojciechowski et al., “NetMARKS: Network metrics-AwaRe kubernetes scheduler powered by service mesh,” Proceedings - IEEE INFOCOM, vol. 2021-May, May 2021, doi: 10.1109/INFOCOM42981.2021.9488670.
[29] P. Rost et al., “Network Slicing to Enable Scalability and Flexibility in 5G Mobile Networks,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 72–79, May 2017, doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600920.
[30] M. A. Habibi, M. Nasimi, B. Han, and H. D. Schotten, “A Comprehensive Survey of RAN Architectures Toward 5G Mobile Communication System,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 70371–70421, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2919657.
[31] Y. Liu and A. H. Herranz, “Enabling 5G QoS configuration capabilities for IoT applications on container orchestration platform,” in 2023 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom), IEEE, Dec. 2023, pp. 63–68. doi: 10.1109/CloudCom59040.2023.00023.
[32] Y. Huo, X. Dong, and W. Xu, “5G Cellular User Equipment: From Theory to Practical Hardware Design,” IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 13992–14010, 2017, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2727550.
Published
2025-05-14
How to Cite
Adrian, R., & Mandasari, R. D. (2025). Optimasi Klasterisasi Kubernetes untuk Peningkatan QoS pada Jaringan 5G. Journal of Applied Smart Electrical Network and Systems, 6(01), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.52158/jasens.v5i2.1129
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2024 Ronald Adrian, R. Deasy Mandasari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
